Error Recovery Within Integrated Circuit

ABSTRACT

An integrated circuit includes one or more portions having error detection and error correction circuits and which is operated with operating parameters giving finite non-zero error rate as well as one or more portions formed and operated to provide a zero error rate.

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/926,084 filed 25Oct. 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 12/461,740filed 21 Aug. 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,060,814, which is a continuationof U.S. Ser. No. 11/636,716 filed 11 Dec. 2006, now U.S. Pat. No.8,185,812, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/760,399 filed 20 Jan. 2006 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser.No. 11/110,961, filed 21 Apr. 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,320,091, whichis a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/779,805, filed 18 Feb.2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,162,661 and which in turn was acontinuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/392,382, filed 20 Mar. 2003,now U.S. Pat. No. 7,278,080, the entire contents of each of which arehereby incorporated by reference in this application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the field of integrated circuits. Moreparticularly, this invention relates to the detection of operationalerrors within the processing stages of an integrated circuit andrecovery from such errors.

2. Description of the Prior Art

It is known to provide integrated circuits formed of serially connectedprocessing stages, for example a pipelined circuit. Each processingstage comprises processing logic and a latch for storing an output valuefrom one stage which is subsequently supplied as input to the succeedingprocessing stage. The time taken for the processing logic to completeits processing operation determines the speed at which the integratedcircuit may operate. The fastest rate at which the processing logic canoperate is constrained by the slowest of the processing logic stages. Inorder to process data as rapidly as possible, the processing stages ofthe circuit will be driven at as rapid a rate as possible until theslowest of the processing stages is unable to keep pace. However, insituations where the power consumption of the integrated circuit is moreimportant that increasing the processing rate, the operating voltage ofthe integrated circuit will be reduced so as to reduce power consumptionto the point at which the slowest processing stage is no longer able tokeep pace. Both the situation where the voltage level is reduced to thepoint at which the slowest processing stage can no longer keep pace andthe situation where the operating frequency is increased to the point atwhich the slowest processing stage can no longer perform its processingwill give rise to the occurrence of processing errors that willadversely effect the forward-progress of the computation.

It is known to avoid the occurrence of such processing errors by settingan integrated circuit to operate at a voltage level which issufficiently above a minimum voltage level and at a processing frequencythat is sufficiently less than the maximum desirable processingfrequency taking into account properties of the integrated circuitsincluding manufacturing variation between different integrated circuitswithin a batch, operating environment conditions, such as typicaltemperature ranges, data dependencies of signals being processed and thelike. This conventional approach is cautious in restricting the maximumoperating frequency and the minimum operating voltage to take account ofthe worst case situations.

There is a need for a technique for reducing the operating margins ofintegrated circuits while also reducing the overhead of error detectionand error correction circuits and operation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Viewed from one aspect there is provided an integrated circuit forperforming data processing, said integrated circuit comprising:

an error detector configured detect errors in operation of saidintegrated circuit; and

error-repair circuitry configured to repair errors in operation of saidintegrated circuit; wherein

at least one portion of said integrated circuit is configured to operatewith one or more operational parameters controlled to produce a finitenon-zero error rate within said at least one portion; and

at least one other portion of said integrated circuit is configured tooperate with a zero error rate within said at least one other portion.

The above, and other objects, features and advantages of this inventionwill be apparent from the following detailed description of illustrativeembodiments which is to be read in connection with the accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a plurality of processing stages towhich the present technique is applied;

FIG. 2 is a circuit block diagram schematically illustrating a circuitfor use in the present technique;

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram schematically illustrating a non-delayedlatch and a delayed latch together with an associated comparator anderror-recovery logic;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are a flow diagram schematically illustrating theoperation of the circuit of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a memory circuit including a fast readmechanism and a slow read mechanism;

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative circuit arrangement for a portion ofthe circuit of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram schematically illustrating the operation of thememory circuit of FIG. 5;

FIG. 8 illustrates a pipelined bus including non-delayed latches anddelayed latches between the bus stages;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram schematically illustrating the operation of thepipelined bus of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 schematically illustrates the generation of control signals forcontrolling a microprocessor that are subject to both non-delayedlatching and output and delayed latching and output;

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram schematically illustrating one example of theoperation of the circuit of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 illustrates a processing pipeline including non-delayed latchesand delayed latches with those delayed latches being reused as dataretention latches during a lower power of operation;

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram schematically illustrating the operation ofthe circuit of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 schematically illustrates a plurality of processing stages towhich error correction and delayed latches have been applied;

FIG. 15 schematically illustrates error correction for data passingthrough a channel that simply passes the data value unchanged from inputto output if no errors occur;

FIG. 16 schematically illustrates how error correction is performed fora value-changing logic element such as an adder, multiplier or shifter;

FIG. 17 is a flow chart schematically illustrating the operation of thecircuit of FIG. 14;

FIG. 18 schematically illustrates how delayed and non-delayed latchescan be used to control the relative phases of clock signals within aprocessing pipeline;

FIGS. 19 and 20 schematically illustrate respective uses of stalls andbubble insertion in recovering from errors; and

FIG. 21 illustrates a non-delayed and delayed latch for use betweenprocessing stages with the delayed latch being reused as a serial scanchain latch.

FIG. 22 schematically illustrates one example of a plurality ofprocessing stages of an integrated circuit to which the presenttechnique is applied;

FIG. 23 schematically illustrates a pipeline in which error recovery isperformed using a confirmed register bank together with a speculativeregister bank;

FIG. 24A schematically illustrates a pipeline arrangement in which errorrecovery is performed using state variables stored in a single registerbank;

FIG. 24B is a flow chart schematically illustrating how the circuit ofFIG. 3A recovers from a detected error;

FIG. 24C is a flow chart schematically illustrating an operationalparameter tuning process;

FIG. 25 schematically illustrates a transition detection D-flip-flopaccording to the present technique;

FIG. 26 schematically illustrates a functional timing diagram thatillustrates how detection of a transition of data in a set up window ofthe main flip-flop of FIG. 4 is detected;

FIGS. 27A to 27G schematically illustrate functional timing diagrams forsignals passing through the circuit of FIG. 4 when detection of atransition from logic level one to logic level zero is performed;

FIGS. 28A to 28G schematically illustrate a functional timing diagramfor the signals in the circuit of FIG. 4 when detecting a datatransition from the logic level zero to the logic level one;

FIGS. 29A to 29B schematically illustrate how the metastability windowsof the main flip-flop and the transition detector of FIG. 4 arenon-overlapping;

FIG. 30 schematically illustrates error synchronisation of error signalsderived from transition detectors;

FIG. 31 schematically illustrates an integrated circuit in which someportions are subject to error detection and error correction and someare not; and

FIG. 32 schematically illustrates a functional unit having errordetecting circuitry and error correcting circuitry.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates a part of an integrated circuit, which may be a partof a synchronous pipeline within a processor core, such as an ARMprocessor core produced by ARM limited of Cambridge, England. Thesynchronous pipeline is formed of a plurality of like processing stages.The first stage comprises processing logic 2 followed by a non-delayedlatch 4 in the form of a flip-flop together with a comparator 6 and adelayed latch 8. The term latch used herein encompasses any circuitelement operable to store a signal value irrespective of triggering,clock and other requirements. Subsequent processing stages are similarlyformed. A non-delayed clock signal 10 drives the processing logic andnon-delayed latches 4 within all of the processing stages to operatesynchronously as part of a synchronous pipeline. A delayed clock signal12 is supplied to the delayed latches 8 of the respective processingstages. The delayed clock signal 12 is a phase shifted version of thenon-delayed clock signal 10. The degree of phase shift controls thedelay period between the capture of the output of the processing logic 2by the non-delayed latch 4 and the capture of the output of theprocessing logic 2 at a later time performed by the delayed latch 8. Ifthe processing logic 2 is operating within limits given the existingnon-delayed clock signal frequency, the operating voltage being suppliedto the integrated circuit, the body bias voltage, the temperature etc,then the processing logic 2 will have finished its processing operationsby the time that the non-delayed latch 4 is triggered to capture itsvalue. Consequently, when the delayed latch 8 later captures the outputof the processing logic 2, this will have the same value as the valuecaptured within the non-delayed latch 4. Accordingly, the comparator 6will detect no change occurring during the delay period anderror-recovery operation will not be triggered. Conversely, if theoperating parameters for the integrated circuit are such that theprocessing logic 2 has not completed its processing operation by thetime that the non-delayed latch 4 captures its value, then the delayedlatch 8 will capture a different value and this will be detected by thecomparator 6 thereby forcing an error-recovery operation to beperformed. It will be seen that the error-recovery operation could be toreplace the output of the non-delayed latch 4 which was being suppliedto the following processing stage during the time following its capturewith the delayed value stored within the delayed latch 8. This delayedvalue may additionally be forced to be stored within the non-delayedlatch 4 replacing the previously erroneously captured value storedtherein.

A meta-stability detector 7 serves to detect meta-stability in theoutput of the non-delayed latch 4, i.e. not at a clearly defined logicstate. If such meta-stability is detected, then this is treated as anerror and the value of the delay latch 6 is used instead.

On detection of an error, the whole pipeline may be stalled by gatingthe non-delayed clock signal 10 for an additional delayed period to givesufficient time for the processing logic in the following processingstage to properly respond to the corrected input signal value beingsupplied to it. Alternatively, it is possible that upstream processingstages may be stalled with subsequent processing stages being allowed tocontinue operation with a bubble inserted into the pipeline inaccordance with standard pipeline processing techniques using acounterflow architecture (see the bubble and flush latches of FIG. 2).Another alternative is that the entire processing pipeline may be resetwith the delayed latch values being forced into the non-delayed latchesof each stage and processing resumed. The re-use of the delayed latchvalue in place of the erroneous value rather than an attemptedrecalculation ensures that forward progress is made through theprocessing operations even though an error has occurred.

There are constraints relating to the relationship between theprocessing time taken by the processing logic within the processingstages and the delay between the non-delayed capture time and thedelayed capture time. In particular, the minimum processing time of anyprocessing stage should not be less than the delay in order to ensurethat the delayed value captured is not corrupted by new data beingoutputted from a short delay processing stage. It may be necessary topad short delay processing stages with extra delay elements to ensurethat they do not fall below this minimum processing time. At the otherextreme, it needs to be ensured that the maximum processing delay of theprocessing logic within a processing stage that can occur at anyoperational point for any operating parameters is not greater than thesum of the normal non-delayed operating clock period and the delay valuesuch that the delay value captured in the delay value latch is ensuredto be stable and correct.

There are a number of alternative ways in which the system may becontrolled to tune power consumption and performance. According to onearrangement an error counter circuit (not illustrated) is provided tocount the number of non-equal detections made by the comparator 6. Thiscount of errors detected and recovered from can be used to control theoperating parameters using either hardware implemented or softwareimplemented algorithms. The counter is readable by the software. Thebest overall performance, whether in terms of maximum speed or lowestpower consumption can be achieved by deliberately operating theintegrated circuit with parameters that maintain a non-zero level oferrors. The gain from operating non-cautious operating parameters insuch circumstances exceeds the penalty incurred by the need to recoverfrom errors.

According to an alternative arrangement, a hardware counter is providedas a performance monitoring module and is operable to keep track ofuseful work and of error recovery work. In particular, the counter keepscount of the number of useful instructions used to progress theprocessing operations being executed and also keeps count of the numberof instructions and bubbles executed to perform error recovery. Thesoftware is operable to read the hardware counter and to use the countvalues to appropriately balance the overhead of error recovery and itseffects on system performance against the reduced power consumptionachieved by running the integrated circuit at a non-zero error rate.

FIG. 2 is a circuit block diagram schematically illustrating a circuitfor use in the present technique. The top portion of FIG. 2 illustratescircuit elements provided within each processing stage, namely thenon-delayed latch 4, the delayed latch 8 and the comparator 6. Ameta-stability detector 7 serves to detect meta-stability in the outputof the non-delayed latch 4 and this also triggers generation of an errorsignal. Error signals from a plurality of such stages are supplied torespective inputs of an OR gate 100 where a global error signal isgenerated if an error is detected in any processor stage. The globalerror signal can be used to trigger flush and bubble insertion signalsas illustrated. The circuits 102 detect whether the error signal itselfis meta-stable. The error signal is latched with a positively skewedlatch, referencing at a higher voltage and a negatively skewed latch,referencing at a lower voltage. If the two disagree in their latchedvalue, this indicates that the error signal was meta-stable and thepanic signal is pulled. By latching the error signal and waiting for anentire clock cycle before it sampled (i.e. two latches in series), theprobability of the panic signal being meta-stable is negligible. It issignificant that if the panic signal is pulled, then the restored valuefrom the delayed latch could be corrupted due to the meta-stability ofthe error signal. In this case, the instruction is also invalidated andthere is no forward progress. Hence flush the pipeline restart theinstruction and lower the clock frequency to ensure that the errorsignal will not be meta-stable on the retry of the same instruction(which could otherwise cause an infinite loop of retries).

FIG. 3 is a circuit illustrating in more detail the non-delayed latch,the delayed latch, the comparator and at least part of theerror-recovery circuitry. The non-delayed latch 4 can be seen to be inthe form of a flip-flop provided by the two latches 14, 16. The delayedlatch 8 is in the form of a single feedback element. An XOR gate 18serves as the comparator. An error signal 20 emerges from the circuit ofFIG. 3 and may be supplied to the error counter circuit as previouslydiscussed or to other operational parameter adjusting circuits orsystems. The error signal 20 serves to switch a multiplexer 22 thatforces the delayed value stored within the delayed latch 8 to be storedwithin the latch 14 of the non-delayed latch 4. meta-stability detectingcircuits 24 serve to detect the occurrence of meta-stability within thenon-delayed latch 4 and also use this to trigger an error signal whichwill cause the erroneous meta-stable value to be replaced by the delayedvalue stored within the delayed latch 8.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are a flow diagram schematically illustrating theoperation of the circuits of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3.

At step 26 the processing logic from a stage i produces its outputsignal at a time T_(i). At step 28 this is captured by the non-delayedlatch and forms the non-delayed value. At step 30 the non-delayed valuefrom the non-delayed latch starts to be passed to the followingprocessing stage i+1 which commences processing based upon this value.This processing may turn out to be erroneous and will need recoveringfrom should an error be detected.

Step 32 allows the processing logic to continue processing for a furthertime period, the delay time, to produce an output signal at time Ti+d.This output signal is latched in the delayed latch at step 34. Thevalues within the delayed latch and the non-delayed latch are comparedat step 36. If they are equal then no error has occurred and normalprocessing continues at step 37. If they are not equal, then thisindicates that the processing logic at time T_(i) had not completed itsprocessing operations when the non-delayed latch captured its value andstarted to supply that value to the subsequent processing stage i+1.Thus, an error condition has arisen and will require correction. At step38 this correction is started by the forwarding of a pipeline bubbleinto the pipeline stages following stage i. At step 40 the precedingstages to stage i+1 are all stalled. This includes the stage i at whichthe error occurred. At step 42, stage i+1 re-executes its operationusing the delayed latch value as its input. At step 44 the operatingparameters of the integrated circuit may be modified as required. As anexample, the operating frequency may be reduced, the operating voltageincreased, the body biased voltage increased etc. Processing thencontinues to step 46.

If an insufficient number of errors is detected, then the operatingparameter controlling circuits and algorithms can deliberately adjustthe operating parameters so as to reduce power consumption and toprovoke a non-zero error rate.

FIG. 5 illustrates a memory 100 containing an array of memory cells 102.In this example, a single row of memory cells is illustrated, but aswill be familiar to those in this technical field such memory cellarrays are typically large two-dimensional arrays containing manythousands of memory cells. In accordance with normal memory operation, adecoder 104 serves to receive a memory address to be accessed and todecode this memory address so as to activate one of the word lines 106.The word lines serve to couple the memory cells 102 in that line torespective bit line pairs 108. Depending upon the bit value storedwithin the memory cell 102 concerned this will induce an electricalchange (e.g. a change in voltage and/or a current flow) in the bit lines108 now coupled to it and the change is sensed by a sense amplifier 110.The output of the sense amplifier 110 is stored at a first time within anon-delayed latch 112 and subsequently stored at a delayed time within adelayed latch 114. The non-delayed value stored within the non-delayedlatch 112 is directly passed out via a mutliplexer 116 to a furtherprocessing circuit 118 before the delayed value has been stored into thedelayed latch 114. When the delayed value has been captured within thedelayed latch 114, a comparator 120 serves to compare the non-delayedvalue and the delayed value. If these are not equal, then the delayedvalue is switched by the multiplexer 116 to being the output value fromthe memory 100 for the particular bit concerned. A suppression signal isalso issued from the comparator 120 to the further processing circuit118 to suppress processing by that further processing circuit 118 basedupon the erroneous non-delayed value which has now been replaced. Thissuppression in this example takes the form of controlling the clocksignal CLK supplied to the further processing circuit 118 to stretch theclock cycle concerned and to delay latching of the new result by thatfurther processing circuit until a time when the delayed value has had achance to propagate through the processing circuit concerned to reachthe latch at the output of that further processing circuit.

It will be seen that the sense amplifier 110 and the non-delayed latch112 form part of the fast read mechanism. The sense amplifier 110 andthe delayed latch 114 form part of the slow read mechanism. In mostcases, the fast read result latched within the non-delayed latch 112will be correct and no corrective action is necessary. In a small numberof cases, the fast read result will differ from the slow read resultlatched within the delayed latch 114 and in this circumstance the slowread result is considered correct and serves to replace the fast readresult with processing based upon that fast read result beingsuppressed. The penalty associated with a relatively infrequent need tocorrect erroneous fast read results is more than compensated for by theincreased performance (in terms of speed, lower voltage operation, lowerenergy consumption and/or other performance parameters) that is achievedby running the memory 100 closer to its limiting conditions.

FIG. 6 illustrates a variation in part of the circuit of FIG. 5. In thisvariation two sense amplifiers 110′, 110″ are provided. These differentsense amplifiers 110′, 110″ are formed to have different speeds ofoperation with one 110′ being relatively fast and less reliable and theother 110″ being relatively slow and more reliable. These differentcharacteristics can be achieved by varying parameters of the senseamplifier 110′, 110″, e.g. construction parameters such as transistorsize, doping levels, gain etc. A comparator 120′ serves to compare thetwo outputs. The output from the fast sense amplifier 110′ is normallypassed out via the multiplexer 116′ prior to the output of the slowsense amplifier 110″ being available. When the output of the slow senseamplifier 110″ is available and the comparator 120 detects this is notequal to the output of the fast sense amplifier 110′, then it controlsthe multiplexer 116′ to switch the output value to be that generated bythe slow sense amplifier 110″. The comparator 120 also triggersgeneration of a suppression signal such that downstream processing basedupon the erroneous fast read result is suppressed.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the circuit ofFIG. 5. At step 122, an address is decoded resulting in respectivememory cells being coupled to their adjacent bit lines using a signalpassed by a word line. At step 124, the bit values stored within theselected memory cells and their complements and driven onto the bit linepairs. This causes current flows within the bit lines and voltagechanges in the bit lines. The sense amplifiers 110 are responsive todetected currents and/or voltage level changes.

At step 126, the fast data read mechanism samples the value being outputfrom the memory cell at that time. At step 128 this fast read data valueis passed to subsequent processing circuits for further processing uponthe assumption that it is correct. At step 130, the slow data readingmechanism samples a slow read data value. Step 132 compares the fastread value and the slow read value. If these are the same, then normalprocessing continues at step 134. However, if the sampled values aredifferent, then step 136 serves to issue a suppression signal to thefurther circuits to which the fast read value has been passed and alsoto issue the slow read value in place of the fast read value to thosefurther circuits such that corrective processing may take place.

FIG. 8 illustrates the use of the present techniques within a pipelinedbus 140. The pipelined bus 140 contains a number of latches 142 whichserve to store data values being passed along the bus. As an example ofsuch a pipelined bus 140 there is known the AXI buses designed by ARMLimited of Cambridge, England. In this arrangement the destination forthe data value being passed along the pipelined bus 140 is a digitalsignal processing circuit 144. This digital signal processing (DSP)circuit 144 does not in itself implement the non-delayed latching anddelayed latching techniques discussed previously. In alternativearrangements the destination for the data value being passed along thepipelined bus could be a device other than a DSPcircuit, for example, astandard ARM processor core that does not itself implement the delayedand non-delayed latching techniques.

Associated with each of the non-delayed latches 142 is a respectivedelayed latch 146. These delayed latches 146 serve to sample the signalvalue on the bus at a time later than when this was sampled and latchedby the non-delayed latch 142 to which they correspond. Thus, a delay inthe data value being passed along the bus for whatever reason (e.g. toolow an operational voltage being used, the clock speed being too high,coupling effects from adjacent data values, etc) will result in thepossibility of a difference occurring between the values stored withinthe non-delayed latch 142 and the delayed latch 146. The final stage onthe pipeline bus 140 is illustrated as including a comparator 147 whichcompares the non-delayed value and the delayed value. If these are notequal, then the delayed value is used to replace the non-delayed valueand the processing based upon the non-delayed value is suppressed suchthat the correction can take effect (the bus clock cycle may bestretched). It will be appreciated that these comparator andmultiplexing circuit elements will be provided at each of the latchstages along the pipeline bus 140, but these have been omitted for thesake of clarity from FIG. 8.

As the DSP circuit 144 does not itself support the non-delayed anddelayed latching mechanism with its associated correction possibilities,it is important that the data value which is supplied to the DSP circuit144 has been subject to any necessary correction. For this reason, anadditional buffering latch stage 148 is provided at the end of thepipelined bus 140 such that any correction required to the data valuebeing supplied to that latch and the attached DSP circuit 144 can beperformed before that data value is acted upon by the DSP circuit 144.The buffering latch 148 can be placed in sufficient proximity to the DSPcircuit 144 that there will be no issue of an insufficient availableprogation time etc. causing an error in the data value being passed fromthe buffering latch 148 to the DSP circuit 144.

It will be appreciated that the bus connections between the respectivenon-delayed latches 142 can be considered to be a form of processinglogic that merely passes the data unaltered. In this way, theequivalence between the pipelined bus embodiment of FIG. 8 and thepreviously described embodiments (e.g. FIG. 1) will be apparent to thosefamiliar with this technical field.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of FIG. 8. At stage150 a non-delayed signal value is captured from the bus line. At step152 the non-delayed value is then passed to the next bus pipeline stage.At step 154 the corresponding delayed latch 146 captures a delayed bussignal. At step 156 the comparator 147 compares the delayed value withthe non-delayed value. If these are equal, then normal processingcontinues at step 158. If the two compared values are not equal, thenstep 160 serves to delay the bus clock and replace the non-delayed valuewith the delayed value using the multiplexer shown in FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 illustrates a further example embodiment using the presenttechniques. In this example embodiment an instruction from aninstruction register within a processor core is latched within aninstruction latch 162. From this instruction latch 162, the instructionis passed to a decoder 164 which includes a microcoded ROM serving togenerate an appropriate collection of processor control signals forstorage in a non-delayed control signal latch 166 and subsequent use tocontrol the processing performed by the processor core in accordancewith the instruction latched within the instruction latch 162. Thecontrol signals output from the decoder 164 are also latched within adelayed control signal latch 168 at a later time to when they werelatched within the non-delayed control signal latch 166. The delayedcontrol signal values and the non-delayed control signal values can thenbe compared. If these are not equal, then this indicates that correctiveaction is necessary. A suppression operation is triggered by thedetection of such a difference and serves to stop subsequent processingbased upon the inappropriate latch control signal values. It may be thatin some circumstances the only effective recovery option is to reset theprocessor as a whole. This may be acceptable. In other situations, theerror in the control signals might be such that a less drasticsuppression and recovery mechanism is possible. As an example, theparticular erroneous control signal may not yet have been acted upon,e.g. in the case of a multi-cycle program instruction where someprocessing operations do not commence until late in the overallexecution of the multi-cycle instruction. An example of this is amultiply-accumulate operation in which the multiply portion takesseveral clock cycles before the final accumulate takes place. If thereis an error in the control signal associated with the accumulate and inpractice an accumulate is not required, but merely a pure multiply, thenit would be possible to suppress the accumulate by correcting thecontrol signal being applied to the accumulator before the adder hadsought to perform the accumulate operation.

FIG. 11 illustrates one example of the operation of the circuit of FIG.10. At step 170, a multiply-accumulate control signal is read from thedecoder 164 (microcoded ROM). At step 172, this multiply-accumulatecontrol signal is latched within the non-delayed control signal latch166 and output to the various processing elements within the processorcore. At step 174, the multiply operands are read from the register fileand the multiply operation is initiated. At step 176, the controlsignals output by the instruction decoder 164 are re-sampled by thedelayed control signal latch 168. At step 178, the non-delayed controlsignals and the delayed control signals are compared. If these areequal, then normal processing continues at step 180. However, if theseare not equal, then processing proceeds to step 182 where adetermination is made as to whether the multiply operation has yetcompleted. If the multiply operation has completed, then the erroneousaccumulate operation will have started and the best option for recoveryis to reset the system as a whole at step 184. However, if the multiplyoperation is still in progress, then step 186 can be used to reset theadder and cancel the accumulate operation with the desired multiplyoperation output result being generated at step 188, as was originallyintended by the program instruction stored within the instruction latch162.

FIG. 12 illustrates a modification of the circuit illustrated in FIG. 1.In this embodiment the delayed latches 190 serve the additional functionof data retention (balloon) latches for use during a standby/sleep modeof operation (low power consumption mode). The function of the delayedlatches 190 during normal processing operations is as previouslydescribed. However, when a sleep controller 192 serves to initiate entryinto a low power consumption mode of operation it stops the non-delayedclock and the delayed clock such that the delayed latches 190 are allstoring data values corresponding to their respective non-delayedlatches. At this point, the voltage supply to the non-delayed latchesand the associated processing circuits is removed such that they arepowered down and lose their state. However, the voltage supplied to thenon-delayed latches 190 is maintained such that they serve to retain thestate of the processing circuit concerned. When the system exits fromthe low power consumption mode, the processing logic and the non-delayedlatches are powered up again when the comparator detects a difference inthe values in the non-delayed latch and the delayed latch 190 ittriggers replacement of the erroneous value within the non-delayed latchwith the correct value held within the associated delayed latch 190. Itwill be appreciated that since the delayed latches 190 are subject toless stringent timing requirements than their non-delayed counterpartsthey can be formed in a way where they may have a lower speed ofoperation but be better suited to low power consumption during the lowpower consumption mode (e.g. high threshold voltages resulting in slowerswitching but with a reduced leakage current). In this way, the errorcorrecting delayed latches which are used during normal processing canbe reused during the low power consumption mode as data retentionlatches thereby advantageously reducing the overall gate count of thecircuit concerned.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram schematically illustrating the operation ofthe circuit of FIG. 12. At step 194, the integrated circuit is in itsnormal operational processing mode. At step 196, the processing logicstage produces an output signal at a non-delayed time. At step 198, thenon-delayed latch captures that output signal. At step 200 thenon-delayed signal within the non-delayed latch is passed to the nextprocessing stage. At step 202, the output from the processing stage at adelayed time is generated and is available for capture by the delayedlatch. At step 204, the integrated circuit is triggered to adopt a lowpower consumption mode and the speed controller 192 serves to initiatethe power down of the processing circuits while maintaining the power tothe delayed latches 190. At step 206, the delayed latch 190 captures thedelayed signal value. It may be that the capture of the delayed signalvalue by the delayed latch at step 206 takes place before the switch tothe low power mode at step 204. At step 208, the non-delayed latch ispowered down and its stored value is lost. The integrated circuit canremain in this state for a long period of time. When desired, step 210triggers the sleep controller 192 to exit the low power consumption modeand revert back to the operational mode. At step 212, power is restoredto the non-delayed latches and the associated processing logic with thedelayed data values within the delayed latches 190 being used torepopulate the pipeline stages as necessary to restore the system to itscondition prior to the low power consumption mode being entered.

FIG. 14 schematically illustrates a plurality of processing stages towhich error correction control and delayed latches have been applied.The processing stages form part of an integrated circuit that may bepart of a synchronous pipeline within a processor core, part of acommunication bus or part of a memory system. The first processing stagecomprises either a channel for communication of data or processing logic1014, a non-delayed latch 1016, a delayed latch 1018, a comparator 1024that compares outputs of the delayed latch and the non-delayed latch andoutputs a control signal to a multiplexer 1020 determining whether thedelayed signal value or the non-delayed signal value is supplied asinput to a subsequent processing stage or channel 1016. Thechannel/logic 1014 and the non-delayed latch 1016 are driven by anon-delayed clock signal whereas the delayed latch 1019 is driven by adelayed clock signal which is a phase-shifted version of the non-delayedclock signal.

If the comparator 1024 detects a difference between the non-delayedsignal value and the delayed signal value this indicates that either theprocessing operation was incomplete at the non-delayed capture time inthe case that element 1014 represents processing logic or that thesignal from the previous pipeline stage had not yet reached the presentstage in the case of the element 1014 representing a data channel. Inthe event that such a difference is in fact detected, the value storedin the delayed latch 1018 is the more reliable data value since it wascaptured later when the processing operation is more likely to have beencompleted or the data from the previous stage is more likely to havearrived via the data channel. By supplying the result from the delayedlatch to the next processing stage 1030 and suppressing use of thenon-delayed value in subsequent processing stages, forward progress ofthe computation can be ensured. However, the reliability of the delayedsignal value stored in the delayed latch 1018 can be compromised in theevent that a single event upset occurred and corrupted the delayedvalue. The single event upset is effectively a pulse so it may well bemissed by the non-delayed latch but picked up by the delayed latch. Sucha single event upset will result in the comparator detecting adifference between the delayed and non-delayed values as a direct resultof the single event upset and will then propagate the corrupted delayedvalue to subsequent processing stages. A single event upset thatcorrupts the non-delayed value will not be problematic since it willresult in suppressing use of the erroneous non-delayed value andpropagating the delayed value to subsequent stages.

The arrangement of FIG. 14 reduces the likelihood of a corrupted delayedvalue progressing through the computation by providing a cross-check ofdata integrity by provision of an error detection module 1026, an errorcorrection module 1028 and a multiplexer 1022 that is controlled by theerror detection module 1026 to supply either the delayed value from thedelayed latch directly to the comparator 1024 or alternatively to supplyan error corrected value output by the error correction module 1028.Upstream of the channel/logic unit 1014 a data payload of eight bits iserror correction encoded and four redundancy bits are added to the datapayload to form a twelve-bit signal. The twelve-bit signal passesthrough the channel/logic unit 1014 and its value is captured by boththe non-delayed latch 1016 and the delayed latch 1018. However, adelayed value of the signal derived from the delayed latch 1018 is alsosupplied as input to the error detection module 1026, which determinesfrom the 12-bit error-correction encoded signal whether any errors haveoccurred that affect the delayed value. In an alternative arrangement afurther latch could be provided to supply a signal value to the errordetection module 1018, that captures the signal value at a time slightlylater than the delayed latch 1018. The error-checking must be performedon a value captured at the same time as the delayed value is captured orslightly later to ensure that any random error that occurred betweencapture of the non-delayed value and capture of the delayed value isdetected.

A given error correction code is capable of detecting a predeterminednumber of errors and of correcting a given number of errors. Thus theerror detection module 1026 detects whether any errors have occurredand, if so, if the number of errors is sufficiently small such that theyare all correctable. If correctable errors are detected then the signalvalue is supplied to the error correction module 1028 where the errorsare corrected using the error correction code and the corrected delayedvalue is supplied to the comparator 1024. If it is determined by thecomparator 1024 that the corrected delayed value differs from thenon-delayed value then the error recovery procedure is invoked so thatfurther propagation of the non-delayed value is suppressed in subsequentprocessing stages and the operations are instead performed using thecorrected delayed value. On the other hand, if the comparator 1024determines that the corrected delayed value is the same as the delayedvalue then there are two alternative possibilities for progressing thecalculation. Firstly, the error recovery mechanism could nevertheless beinvoked so that the non-delayed value is suppressed in subsequentprocessing stages and replaced by the corrected delayed value.Alternatively, since the non-delayed value is determined to have beencorrect (as evidenced by the equality of the non-delayed value and thecorrected delayed value), the error recovery mechanism could besuppressed (despite the detection of an error in the delayed value) thusallowing the non-delayed value to continue to progress through thesubsequent processing stages. However, if uncorrectable errors aredetected in the delayed value by the error detection module 1026 then acontrol signal is supplied to suppress use of the corrupted delayedvalue. In this case forward progress of the computation cannot beachieved. The type of error correction encoding applied differsaccording to the nature of the channel/processing logic 1014.

Processing logic can be categorised as either value-passing orvalue-altering. Examples of processing logic that is value-passing arememory, registers and multiplexers. Examples of value-alteringprocessing logic elements are adders, multipliers and shifters. Errordetection and correction for value-altering processing logic elements ismore complex than for value-passing processing logic elements becauseeven when no error has occurred the value output by the logic stage 1014is likely to be different from the input twelve-bit signal 1013.

FIG. 15 schematically illustrates error correction for data passingthrough a channel that simply passes the data value unchanged from inputto output if no errors occur. In the case of such value-passingprocessing logic it is convenient to use a linear block code such as aHamming code for error correction and detection. Linear block codestypically involve forming a codeword in which the original data payloadbits remain in the codeword unchanged but some parity bits (orredundancy bits) are added. Hamming codes are simple single-bit errorcorrection codes and for an (N, K) code, N is the total number of bitsin the codeword and K is the number of data bits to be encoded. Thepresence and location of an error is detected by performing a number ofparity checks on the output codeword. The Hamming code comprises N-Kparity bits, each of which is calculated from a different combination ofbits in the data. Hamming codes are capable of correcting one error ordetecting two errors. The number of parity bits (or redundancy bitsrequired is given by the Hamming rule K+p+1≦2^(p), where p is the numberof parity bits and N=K+p.

As illustrated in FIG. 15 input to the channel is a 12 bit codewordcomprising eight data bits and four parity or redundancy bits. Paritychecks are performed by an error detection/correction module 1116 on theoutput from the channel 1114. Any single-bit error in the 12-bitcodeword is detected and corrected prior to output of the codeword bythe error detection/correction module 1116. If detected errors areuncorrectable the error detection/correction module 1116 outputs asignal indicating that this is the case. Although simple codes such asHamming codes have been described in relation to FIG. 11 for use withvalue-passing processing logic, it will be appreciated that other errorcorrection codes such as convolutional codes could alternatively beused.

FIG. 16 schematically illustrates how error correction is performed fora value-changing logic element such as an adder, multiplier or shifter.In the case of value-altering processing logic arithmetic codes such asAN codes, residue codes, inverse residue codes or residue number codesmay be used to detect and correct random errors in the output of theprocessing logic.

Arithmetic codes can be used to check arithmetic operators. Where{circle around (x)} represents the operator to be checked the followingrelation must be satisfied:

Code(X{circle around (x)} Y)=code X{circle around (x)} code Y

AN codes are arithmetic codes that involve multiplying the data word bya constant factor, for example a 3N code can be used to check thevalidity of an addition operation by performing the followingcomparison:

3N(X)+3N(Y)?=3N(X+Y)

3X+3Y ?=3(X+Y).

A further example of a class of arithmetic codes are residue codes, inwhich a residue (remainder of division by a constant) is added to thedata bits as check bits e.g. a 3R code involves modulo (MOD) 3operations and the following check is applied:

X MOD 3+Y MOD 3?=(X+Y)MOD 3

Consider the numerical example of X=14 and Y=7:

14 MOD 3=2(codeword 111010, with last two bits as residue);

7 MOD 3=1(codeword 011101);

X+Y=21(10101);

and 21 MOD 3=0;

sum of residues MOD 3=(2+1)MOD 3=0=residue of (X+Y).

FIG. 16 schematically illustrates use of a 7R arithmetic code forchecking of an addition operation in the channel/logic units 1014 ofFIG. 10. The addition operation to be checked is X+Y, where X and Y areeight-bit data words. Each data word has a four check bits having valuesX MOD 7 and Y MOD 7 respectively. X MOD 7 and Y MOD 7 are supplied asoperands to a first adder 1210 and the output of this adder is suppliedto logic that determines the value (X MOD 7+Y MOD 7) MOD 7 and suppliesthe result as a first input to a comparator 1250. A second adder 1230performs the addition (X+Y), supplies the result to a logic unit 1240that calculates (X+Y) MOD 7 and supplies the result as a second input tothe comparator 1250. If the comparator detects any difference betweenthe two input values then an error has occurred.

FIG. 17 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates the operation ofthe circuit of FIG. 14 that comprises error correction control of thedelayed latch value. At stage 1310 a twelve-bit error correction encodedsignal value is input to the channel/logic unit 1014. Next, at stage1320, the non-delayed latch 1016 captures the output from thechannel/logic unit 1014 at time Ti and the captured value is forwardedto subsequent processing logic stage I+1 at stage 1330. At stage 1340the delayed latch 1018 captures the output signal at time Ti+d. At stage1350, the error detection logic captures the output from thechannel/logic unit 1014 at time Ti+(d+δ). Although δ in preferredarrangements δ is zero so that value output by the delayed value itselfis actually error checked, the output may alternatively be captured ashort after the delayed latch captures the output signal at Ti+d. Thecapture of the value for supply to the error detection circuit isappropriately timed to ensure that any random error in the delayed valueis detected. At stage 1360, the error detection module 1026 determineswhether the delayed output signal has an error using the redundancybits. If an error is detected it is then determined whether the error iscorrectable at stage 1370, which will depend on how many bits areaffected. For example, a Hamming code can only correct a single biterror. If it is determined at stage 1370 that the error is correctablethen the process proceeds to stage 1390, whereupon the error iscorrected and the corrected delayed value is selected at the multiplexer1022 and supplied to the comparator 1024. However, if it is determinedat stage 1370 that detected errors are not correctable then a controlsignal is generated indicating that an uncorrectable error has occurred.In this case forward progress of the computation cannot be reliablyperformed. At stage 1392 the comparator 1024 determines whether theerror-checked delayed value is equal to the non-delayed value and if soforward progress of the computation continues. Otherwise the process tothe sequence of steps described in relation to FIG. 4B, involvingsuppression of the non-delayed value and its replacement by the delayedvalue in subsequent processing stages is carried out.

FIG. 18 illustrates the use of the present technique to dynamicallyadjust the relative timing between processing stages. It is known thatin a pipelined processing environment, the processing stages may takedifferent times to complete their respective operations. Ideally theprocessing stages would all be balanced to take the same time and fortheir respective times to vary in the same way with changes insurrounding conditions. However, this is not practical in many cases andit may be that a collection of processing stages that are balanced atone operational voltage or temperature are not balanced at anotheroperational voltage or temperature. Furthermore, manufacturing variationand other characteristics may result in considerable differences betweenprocessing stage timings which upsets the designed balance therebetween.In these cases, the clock frequency and other operational parameters arechosen with respect to a worst-case scenario such that the processingstages will be sufficiently closely balanced so as to be operationalunder all conditions.

The present technique allows a more selective and indeed dynamicapproach to be taken. A pipelined processing circuit 2000 includesdelayed latches 2002 which can be used to detect the occurrence oferrors in the signal values being captured by the non-delayed latches.The occurrence of these errors is fed back to a clock phase controlcircuit 204 which serves to adjust the relative phases of the clocksignals being supplied to respective latches within the main path, i.e.the non-delayed latches. In this way, an adjustment is made whereby timeis effectively borrowed from one processing stage and allocated toanother processing stage. This may be achieved by tapping the clocksignals to be used by the respective non-delayed latches from selectablepositions within a delay line along which the basic clock signal ispropagated.

The illustrated example, the processing logic between latch L_(A) andlatch L_(B) is slower in operation than the processing logic in thesubsequent stage. Accordingly, the clock signal being supplied to thenon-delayed latch L_(B) can be phase shifted so as to delay the risingedge of that clock signal (assuming rising edge latch capture) andthereby to extend the time available for the slow processing logic. Thisreduces the time available for the processing logic within thesubsequent processing stage assuming that this is operating on the samebasic clock signal as the other stage elements excluding the latchL_(B).

This timing balancing between processing stages can be performeddynamically during the ongoing operation of the circuit using feedbackfrom the errors in operation detected using the delay latches.Alternatively, the balancing can be performed as a one-off operationduring a manufacturing test stage or during a “golden boot” of theintegrated circuit. The delayed latches shown in FIG. 18 are used forthe purpose of timing balancing between processing stages and canthereafter be used for the control of operating parameters and errorcorrection as discussed above, e.g. in relation to FIG. 1. In this way,the provision of the delayed latches is further used to also controlrelative clock timings.

FIG. 19 illustrates a simple approach to pipeline error recovery basedon global clock gating. In the event that any stage detects an error,the entire pipeline is stalled for one cycle by gating the next globalclock edge. The additional clock period allows every stage to recomputeits result using the delayed latch as input. Consequently, anypreviously forwarded errant values will be replaced with the correctvalue from the delayed latch. Since all stages re-evaluate their resultwith the delayed latch input, any number of errors can be tolerated in asingle cycle and forward progress is guaranteed. If all stages producean error each cycle, the pipeline will continue to run, but at ½ thenormal speed.

It is important that errant pipeline results not be written toarchitectured state before it has been validated by the comparator.Since validation of delayed values takes two additional cycles (i.e.,one for error detection and one for panic detection), there must be twonon-speculative stages between the last delayed latch and the writeback(WB) stage. In our design, memory accesses to the data cache arenon-speculative, hence, only one additional stage labelled ST forstabilise is required before writeback (WB). The ST stage introduces anadditional level of register bypass. Since store instructions mustexecute non-speculatively, they are performed in the WB stage of thepipeline.

FIG. 19 gives a pipeline timing diagram of a pipeline recovery for aninstruction that fails in the EX stage of the pipeline. The first failedstage computation occurs in the 4^(th) cycle, but only after the MEMstage has computed an incorrect result using the errant value forwardfrom the EX stage. After the error is detected, a global clock stalloccurs in the 6^(th) cycle, permitting the correct EX result in theRazor shadow latch to be evaluated by the MEM stage. IN the 7^(th)cycle, normal pipeline operation resumes.

In aggressively clocked designs, it may not be possible to implementglobal clock gating without significantly impacting processor cycletime. Consequently, a fully pipelined error recover mechanism based oncounterflow, pipelining techniques has been implemented. The approach,illustrated in FIG. 20, places negligible timing constraints on thebaseline pipeline design at the expense of extending pipeline recoveryover a few cycles. When a non-delayed value error is detected, twospecific actions must be taken. First, the errant stage computationfollowing the failing non-delayed latch must be nullified. This actionis accomplished using the bubble signal, which indicates to the next andsubsequent stages that the pipeline slot is empty. Second, the flushtrain is triggered by asserting the stage ID of failing stage. In thefollowing cycle, the correct value from the delayed latch data isinjected back into the pipeline, allowing the errant instruction tocontinue with its correct inputs. Additionally, there is a counterflowpipeline whereby the flush train begins propagating the ID of thefailing stage in the opposite direction of instructions. At each stagevisited by the active flush train, the corresponding pipeline stage andthe one immediately preceding are replaced with a bubble. (Two stagesmust be nullified to account for the twice relative speed of the mainpipeline.) When the flush ID reaches the start of the pipeline, theflush control logic restarts the pipeline at the instruction followingthe errant instruction. In the event that multiple stages experienceerrors in the same cycle, all will initiate recovery but only thenon-delayed error closest to writeback (WB) will complete. Earlierrecoveries will be flushed by later ones. Note that the counterflowpipeline may not be the same length as the forward pipeline so that, forexample, the flush train of the counterflow pipeline could be twopipeline stages deep whereas the forward pipeline may be twelve stagesdeep.

FIG. 20 shows a pipeline timing diagram of a pipelined recovery for aninstruction that fails in the EX stage. As in the precious example, thefirst failed stage computation occurs in the 4^(th) cycle, when thesecond instruction computes an incorrect result in the EX stage of thepipeline. This error is detected in the 5^(th) cycle, causing a bubbleto be propagated out of the MEM stage and initiation of the flush train.The instruction in the EX, ID and IF stages are flushed in the 6^(th),7^(th) and 8^(th) cycles, respectively. Finally, the pipeline isrestarted after the errant instruction in cycle 9, after which normalpipeline operation resumes.

Recall from the description of FIG. 2 above, that in the event thatcircuits 102 detect meta-stability in the eror signal then a panicsignal is asserted. In this case, the current instruction (rather thanthe next instruction) should be re-executed. When such a panic signal isasserted, all pipeline state is flushed and the pipeline is restartedimmediately after the least instruction writeback. Panic situationscomplicate the guarantee of forward progress, as the delay in detectingthe situation may result in the correct result being overwritten in thedelayed latch. Consequently, after experiencing a panic, the supplyvoltage is reset to a known-safe operating level, and the pipeline isrestarted. One re-tuned, the errant instruction should complete withouterrors as long as returning is prohibited until after this instructioncompletes.

A key requirement of the pipeline recover control is that it not failunder even the worst operating conditions (e.g. low voltage, hightemperature and high process variation). This requirement is met througha conservative design approach that validates the timing of the errorrecovery circuits at the worst-case subcritical voltage.

FIG. 21 schematically illustrates the re-use of a delayed latch 2100 asa serial scan chain latch. This is achieved by the provision of amultiplexer 2102 controlled by the scan enable signals which allow aserial scan data value to be written into the delay latch or seriallyread from the delayed latch as required. Furthermore, the normalmechanism which allows the delayed latch value to replace thenon-delayed latch value is exploited to allow a serial scan chain valueto be inserted into the operational path.

FIG. 22 schematically illustrates part of an integrated circuit, whichmay be part of a synchronous pipeline within a processor core, such asan ARM processor core designed by ARM Limited of Cambridge, England. Asynchronous pipeline is formed of a plurality of processing stages. Thefirst stage comprises logic module 3010 followed by a latch 3020 in theform of a flip-flop. The output of the logic module 2010 is supplied toa transition detector 3030, which is operable to detect a transition inthe logic signal value, which occurs in a predetermined time window andis indicative of an error in operation of the integrated circuit. Sucherrors in operation are likely to arise if the operating parameters forthe integrated circuit are such that the logic module 3010 has notcompleted its processing operation by the time the flip-flop 3020captures its value.

The operating parameters of the integrated circuit include theclock-signal frequency supplied by a clock 3031, an operating voltagesupplied to the integrated circuit, the body bias voltage, thetemperature etc. In particular, if the clock frequency is set to be sorapid that the slowest of the processing data stages is unable to keeppace, or if the operating voltage of the integrated circuit is reducedso as to reduce power consumption to the point at which the slowest ofthe processing stages is no longer able to keep pace, then systematicprocessing errors will occur. Subsequent processing stages of theintegrated circuit are similarly formed of a logic module that leadsinto a transition detector and a flip-flop that captures the outputvalue of the associated logic module.

In FIG. 22 three stages of processing are illustrated and there arethree corresponding transition detectors 3030, 3032 and 3034. Theoutputs of these transition detectors are each supplied to an OR gate3040. A high output from the OR gate 3040 indicates that a processingerror has occurred in at least one of the associated logic modules. Thisindication of an error is supplied as an output of the OR gate 3040 andas an input to an error recovery logic module 3050, which is responsiveto each of the transition detectors and is operable to enable theintegrated circuit to recover from an error in operation. Recovery froman error in operation is achieved by the error recovery logic 3050 byusing stored state information 3060. The stored state information 3060allows the integrated circuit to recover from the error in operation byenabling a return to a previous state of processing from which tore-commence the calculation. The state information may include botharchitectural state variables and micro-architectural state variables.

Architectural state variables correspond to those variables that wouldbe specified in a programmer's model of the integrated circuit, forexample register values, instruction flags, program counter values etc.An example of micro-architectural state variables is cache content. Forexample, for an ADD instruction with a flag set, execution of theinstruction ADDS R0 R0 R1 would involve storage of state variable R0,the flags associated with the flag set operation and the program countervalue associated with this instruction. Other examples of statevariables are the particular operational mode of the processor, such asprivileged mode or user mode.

The error recovery logic 3050 enables forward progress of thecomputation in the presence of errors in operation of the integratedcircuit. This is achieved by detection of timing errors by thetransition detectors 3030, 3032, 3034 and the use of the error recoverylogic 3050 to recover from the detected error using the stored stateinformation 3060. The stored state information 3060 used for errorrecovery will be the values that have been confirmed to be unaffected byerrors in operation and most recently stored to registers. Such storedvalues correspond to the architectural state of the integrated circuitprior to the detection of an error in operation.

FIG. 23 schematically illustrates an arrangement according to oneexample of the present technique that uses a confirmed register bank inaddition to the speculative register bank to recover from an error inoperation. The arrangement comprises: a main processing pipeline 3100; aspeculative register bank 3110; a plurality of stability pipeline stages3120; a critical state buffer 3122; a confirmed state buffer 3124; aconfirmed register bank 3130; an array of transition detectors 3142-1 to3142-4; an OR logic gate 3150; error detection logic 3160; pipelineflush logic 3170; confirmed state recovery logic 3180; and programcounter reset logic 3190. The main processing pipeline 3100 comprisesfour distinct pipeline stages, a first execution stage n, a secondexecution stage n-1, a third execution stage n-2 and a writeback stagen-3. Outputs from a processing pipeline stage are passed to thesubsequent pipeline stage via a latch (such as a flip-flop 3020 of FIG.22). The output of the writeback pipeline stage n-3 is supplied to thespeculative register bank 3110 via the signal paths 3101 and 3103, whichlead respectively to the two write ports SW0 and SW1 of the speculativeregister bank 3110. In the particular arrangement illustrated in FIG. 23the writeback stage of the main pipeline corresponds to processing stagen-3 and thus the last state that has been stored in the speculativeregister bank 3110 in this arrangement corresponds to the processingstage n-4.

Output from the first execution stage n is output to the transitiondetector 3142-1; output from the second execution stage n-1 is output tothe transition detector 3142-2; output from the third execution stage ofthe main pipeline n-2 is output to the transition detector 3142-3; andfinally output from the writeback stage WB of the main pipeline 3100 isoutput to the transition detector 3142-4. Each of these transitiondetectors 3142-1 to 3142-4 is capable of indicating an error inoperation of the processing circuitry. The outputs of all fourtransition detectors are supplied with inputs to the OR logic gate 3150,whose output is supplied to the error detection logic 3160. Thus if anytransition is detected in any one of the four main pipeline states n,n-1, n-2 or n-3 then the OR logic gate will output a value indicative ofan error in operation. The error detection logic 3160 is responsive tothe output of the OR logic gate 3150 to initiate error recoveryprocesses performed by the pipeline flush logic 3170, confirmed staterecovery 3180 logic and program counter reset 3190 logic so that thedetected error in operation does not affect any of the values storedwithin the confirmed register bank 3130. Thus in response to a detectederror in operation the pipeline flush logic 3170 initiates a pipelineflush to clear the pipeline of any potentially erroneous values. Thepipeline flush logic 3170 is connected both to the critical state buffer3122 and to the stability pipeline stages 3120. In the event of adetected error in operation all of the values in the main pipeline areflushed in addition to the values in the stability stages of thepipeline 3120 and all of the values currently stored in the criticalstate buffer 3022 which have not yet been stored in the confirmedregister bank 3130. Once the pipeline has been flushed the confirmedstate recovery logic 3180 initiates a series of processing operationswhereby the data processing apparatus is returned to a previous state inwhich the instruction whose values have most recently been stored in theconfirmed register bank 3130 has just been executed. Re-executionstarting from this instruction is commenced after the program counterreset logic 3190 has reset the program counter from the currentinstruction to the instruction following that for which values have mostrecently been stored to the confirmed register bank 3130.

Normal processing operations involve execution of a plurality ofinstructions each of which may involve the update of a number ofdifferent types of architectural state variables. For example executionof a single given instruction may require that one or more generalpurpose registers, flags, a program-status register, or a programcounter be updated. However, the physical elements that store theseupdated variables will not necessarily be updated in one and the sameclock cycle, even though they relate to the same given instruction. Forexample, in the ARM® instruction set a load instruction is not capableof changing the flags and thus it is possible to store the updates tothe flags in a processing cycle earlier than that in which the updatesto the general purpose registers are stored. Note that the generalpurpose registers cannot be updated until it is known that a loadinstruction has not generated a memory-stage related exception, such asa permission fault. It will be appreciated that an error in operationcould happen in any processing cycle. Thus, in the arrangement of FIG.23 it is necessary to ensure that updates to the confirmed register bank3130 are “synchronised” to ensure that recovery is possible usinginstruction re-execution. This is achievable only if a certain criticalsub-set of architectural state-variables have been stored in theconfirmed register bank 3130. To ensure that all of the critical sub-setof architectural state variables are available to enable re-execution,the critical state buffer 3122 of FIG. 23 is provided to hold updatedvalues associated with a given instruction until it is known that all ofthe values for critical state updates associated with that particularinstruction are available and that all of the non-critical state updateshave either already been stored to the confirmed register bank 3130 orare present in the confirmed state buffer 3124. Only once all of thevalues associated with the given instruction are available are thecritical variables associated with that instruction be stored in theconfirmed register bank 3130. The confirmed register bank 3130 has twowrite ports indicated as CW0 and CW1. Similarly, the speculativeregister bank has two write ports SW0 and SW1.

Note that the actual physical update of values associated with a giveninstruction to the confirmed register bank may not happen immediately.This will be the case for example, if more critical state updates arerequired than can be performed in a single processing cycle due to thelimited number of write ports on the register bank (in this case twowrite ports). The output of the critical state buffer is supplied to theconfirmed state buffer 3124 before being supplied to the confirmedregister bank 3130. The confirmed state buffer 3124 is simply awrite-buffer for the confirmed register bank 3130. This is provided toavoid stalling the entire pipeline in the event that there are more thantwo confirmed values to be written to the confirmed register bank 3130in a given processing cycle (e.g. due to the re-ordering of the criticalstate updates).

The output of the stability pipeline stages 3120 is supplied both to thecritical state buffer 3122 and to the confirmed state buffer 3124. Thestability pipeline stages 3120 allow sufficient time for errors inoperation in the main pipeline to be detected by the error detectionlogic 3160 prior to those values being stored in the confirmed registerbank 3130.

Consider the case where the transition detector 3142-3 indicates that anerror has occurred in the third execution state of the main pipelinecorresponding to instruction n-2. In this case, the program counterresetting logic 3190 will reset the program counter from the instructionn to the instruction n-5, since the last confirmed state of theintegrated circuit corresponds to the instruction n-6. The confirmedstate corresponding to the instruction n-6 is recovered by copying thedata pertaining to the critical sub-set of state variables associatedwith instruction n-6 from the confirmed register bank 3130 into thespeculative register bank 3110 via data path 3111. Execution of theprocessing operations then proceeds from stage n-5 onwards so that theerror in operation of the integrated circuit does not affect the outcomeof the calculation. The last processing state to be stored in theconfirmed register bank 3130 is the state information for processingstage n-6.

The state variables stored in the confirmed register bank 3130 have agreater mean time between failures (and are thus much less likely to beerroneous) than the state variables stored in the speculative registerbank 3110. Accordingly state variables from the confirmed register bank3130 are used to recover from the detected error in operation in themain pipeline 3100 by restoring the last confirmed state n-6 when anerror in operation is detected. Thus the system is able to recover fromoperation errors by using the last confirmed state of the integratedcircuit.

Note that the arrangement of FIG. 23 is a simplified arrangementprovided for the purposes of illustration. In other arrangementsaccording to the present technique there will not be a one-to-onecorrespondence between instructions and pipeline stages since a singleinstruction can potentially span several pipeline stages. Accordingly,in such alternative arrangements the program counter corresponding tothe instruction whose critical variables were last stored to theconfirmed register bank 3130 is not simply derived from the currentprogram counter and the length of the pipeline. Rather, the programcounter corresponding to the last successfully executed instruction isobtained from a separate pipeline of program counter values that shadowsthe main execution pipeline.

FIG. 24A schematically illustrates an arrangement according to thepresent technique comprising a number of stability pipeline stagesappended to the end of the main pipeline. The arrangement comprises aplurality of pipeline stages 3210 including two stability stages 3220and 3222 at the end of the pipeline; an array of transition detectors3230-1 to 3230-4; an OR gate 3240; an operational parameter controller3242; error detection logic 3250; pipeline flush logic 3260; confirmedstate recovery logic 3262; program counter resetting logic 3270; adecode pipeline stage 3280; a score card file 3282, forwarding logic3290; a critical state buffer 3292; a confirmed state buffer 3294 and aconfirmed register bank 3296.

As in the example embodiment of FIG. 23, the pipeline 3210 comprisesthree execute stages corresponding to instructions n, (n-1), (n-2) and(n-3). Appended to the end of this pipeline are the two stability stages3220 and 3222 corresponding respectively to two instructions (n-4) and(n-5). Appending the additional stability stages directly to the end ofthe main pipeline in this way causes the output to the register bank tobe slightly delayed but these extra stability stages give the integratedcircuit the opportunity to detect the occurrence of an error inoperation before output of data to the register bank 3296. This meansthat the error detection process will have completed by the time theoutput of the pipeline is supplied to the register bank 3296. Again theoutputs of each of the processing stages of the main pipeline aresupplied to transition detectors 3200-1 to 3200-4, which in turn supplytheir outputs to the OR gate 3240. In the event of detection of anerror, error recovery is initiated via the error detection logic 3250using the pipeline flush logic 3260, the confirmed state recovery logic3262 and the program counter reset logic 3270, similarly as describedabove with reference to FIG. 23. The occurrence of an error in operationis also signalled to the operational parameter controller 3242, which isoperable to adjust at least one of the clock frequency, the operatingvoltage, the body biased voltage or the temperature in dependence uponone or more characteristics of detected errors in operation so as tomaintain a finite non-zero error note in a manner that increases overallefficiency. As mentioned above with reference to FIG. 24A, it will beappreciated that in alternative embodiments, there is not a one-to-onecorrespondence between pipeline stages and instructions.

In this example the two stability stages correspond to instructionnumbers (n-4) and (n-5) respectively, which means that the lastcommitted state variables in the register bank correspond to instructionnumber (n-6). Thus, for example, in the event of an error at pipelinestage (n-1) the transition detector 3230-2 is triggered, which in turntriggers a high output from the OR gate 3240. A recovery sequence isinitiated and the pipeline is flushed to eliminate any pipeline valuesaffected by the error. The program counter is reset by the logic 3270from instruction n to the instruction (n-5) to enable forward progressof the calculation. Since the additional stability stages 3220 and 3222incur some delay in the instruction execution in the pipeline it isappropriate to provide forwarding logic 3290 that connects output of onepipeline stage to the input of earlier pipeline stages corresponding tolater executed instructions. In this case the output of pipeline stage(n-2) is fed as input to a pipeline stage associated with execution ofinstruction n. Forwarding logic (not shown) is also provided frompipeline stages (n-5), (n-4), (n-3) and (n-1) and from the criticalstate buffer 3292 and the confirmed state buffer 3294. This enablesnon-committed values from later pipeline stages that have not yet beensaved to the register bank 3292 to be supplied as input to subsequentprocessing instructions where appropriate.

The integrated circuit uses the score card file 3282 to keep track ofwhich instruction writes to which register number(s). The score cardfile is written to by an earlier stage of the pipeline, in particularthe decode stage 3280 of the pipeline 3210. The score card 3282 needonly keep track of which instruction writes to which register and not ofwhich instruction reads from which register since only the instructionwrites are likely to affect input values to the various pipeline stages.For example, if the instruction at stage (n-2) writes to the register R3and the subsequent instruction executed at pipeline stage n reads fromregister R3 as an input before the output of instruction (n-2) has beencommitted to the register bank, it is necessary to provide the outputcorresponding to the value to be written to register R3 as an input tothe pipeline stage corresponding to instruction n.

Note that in the arrangements of both FIG. 23 and FIG. 24A the stages oferror detection, pipeline flushing, program counter resetting andrecovery of the last confirmed state can be performed in a number ofdifferent orders and the present technique is not restricted to theparticular ordering of these logic modules as illustrated in theseFigures.

In the arrangement of FIG. 24A if an error should occur at processingstage (n-1), the state variables of the integrated circuit will berestored to the value corresponding to the last instruction that wascommitted to the register bank 3296. In storing the state variables usedfor recovery from an error, account is taken of instruction dependenciesto help determine which state updates are critical. This helps todetermine the ordering of writes required to leave the register bank ina consistent state, such that if an error occurs, then recovery ispossible. Thus the state variables that must be restored by recoveringvalues from the register bank will vary according to the particularerror. The manner and ordering in which the state variables are storedto the register bank aids identification of a particular subset ofarchitectural and/or micro-architectural state variables that are usedby the error recovery circuits in order to recover from the error inoperation.

FIG. 24B schematically illustrates a sequence of operations involved inerror detection and recovery as performed by the circuits of FIG. 23 andFIG. 24A. At stage 3297 the processing circuitry begins processingassociated with the next processing cycle and subsequently at stage 3298it is determined whether or not an error in operation has occurred. Ifat stage 3298 no error in operation has been detected by one of thetransition detectors then the process continues by processing thesubsequent cycle at stage 3297. However, if an error in operation hasbeen detected, then the process proceeds to stage 3299 whereupon theentire pipeline is flushed of non-confirmed state variables. Inalternative arrangements only a subset of values currently stored in thepipeline need be flushed. The process then continues to stage 3300 wherea program counter is reset to the instruction following the lastconfirmed instruction. This instigates re-execution of instructions toeliminate any effects of the error in operation. At stage 3301 it isdetermined whether the program counter value reset at stage 3300 isequal to the last reset program counter value. This stage of the processserves to detect a deadlock in the computation whereby a giveninstruction repeatedly executes resulting in an error in operation.

If at stage 3301 the current program counter value is determined not tobe equal to the last reset program counter value, then the processproceeds directly to stage 3303 where the program counter value isstored for future deadlock detection. However, if it is determined atstage 3301 that the program counter value is equal to the last resetprogram counter value this is indicative of a deadlock. Accordingly, theprocess proceeds to stage 3302 where one or more operating parameters ofthe processor are adjusted to prevent continuation of any deadlock. Inthis particular arrangement the adjustment of operational parametersinvolves reducing the clock rate temporarily. However, it will beappreciated that in alternative arrangements the voltage could beadjusted to achieve the same result. Once the clock rate has beentemporarily reduced at stage 3302, the process proceeds to stage 3303where the program counter value is stored for future deadlock detection.The process then returns to stage 3397 whereupon the next processingcycle is executed.

Although in the arrangement according to FIG. 24B, deadlock is activelydetected and a temporary change to the operational parameters is made inresponse to a deadlock, in alternative arrangements the operationalparameters are temporarily changed in response to every error detectione.g. by slowing the clock rate. In this case there is no need toactively detect deadlock.

FIG. 24C schematically illustrates a flow chart showing an operationalparameter tuning process according to the present technique. Theoperational parameter tuning process is a separate process from theerror detection and recovery process of FIG. 24B. The operationalparameter tuning process as illustrated in FIG. 24C is a three stageprocess that begins at stage 3304 with sampling the error rateassociated with processing operations. It is subsequently determined atstage 3305 whether the error rate is within acceptable bounds and ifthis is the case then no adjustments are made to operational parametersbut the error rate continues to be sampled. However, if it is determinedthat the error rate is not within acceptable bounds then the processproceeds to the next stage 3306 whereby the operational parameters areadjusted. If this adjustment of the operational parameters does notreturn the sample error rate to within the acceptable bounds, thenfurther adjustments are made as required. The operational parametermodification process of FIG. 3C can be performed entirely in hardware orusing a combination of hardware and software such that the error rateinformation is recorded in either hardware registers or in memory. Thiserror rate information is subsequently read by software, which usessoftware programmable register to modify the operational parameters.

FIG. 25 schematically illustrates a transition detection D-typeflip-flop according to the present technique. The arrangement comprisesa standard master-slave positive edge triggered flip-flop 3310 and atransition detector circuit 3350. The flip-flop 3310 corresponds to theflip-flop 3020 of FIG. 22 that connects the pipeline stages. Inalternative arrangements the flip-flop could be replaced by any circuitelement operable to store a signal value irrespective of triggering andother requirements. The processing of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 25is driven by a clock signal CLK. The clock signal nCLK corresponds tothe clock signal after it has been passed through a single inverterelement whereas the clock signal bCLK corresponds to the clock signalafter it has been passed through two inverter elements. Input data issupplied to the main flip-flop and is also supplied to the transitiondetector 3350 via an arrangement of three inverters I₁, I₂ and I₃. Thedelay induced by the combination of three inverters is equal to the setup time of the main flip-flop. The set-up time is a characteristic ofthe flip-flop and represents the time required for the flip-flop circuitto stabilise at a definite logic value.

Within the transition detector 3350 the input signal is supplied to aseries of four inverters I₄, I₅, I₆ and I₇. Outputs from various pointsin the inverter array are supplied to the transistor array comprisingtransistors N1, N2, N3, N4, N5 and N6. Transistor N1 is driven by anoutput derived from the signal corresponding to the input of theinverter I₄; the transistor N2 is driven by the output of the inverterI₆; the transistor N3 is driven by the output of the inverter I₄ and thetransistor N4 is driven by the output of inverter I₇. The transistor N5is on only when the clock signal is high. The transistor N6 isassociated with a dynamic node ERR_DYN. The ERR_DYN node is robustlyprotected from discharge due to noise by back-to-back inverters I₈ andI₉ and an error output signal is output from the circuit via inverterI₁₀. The error signals from each individual error detection circuit aresupplied to a control state machine (not shown), which is responsive tothe error signals to output a global error reset signal Err_reset. Thissignal pre-charges the ERR_DYN node for the next error event. Thisconditional pre-charge scheme significantly reduces the capacitive loadon a pin associated with the clock 3032 and provides a low poweroverhead design. It also precludes the need for an extra latchingelement that would otherwise be required to hold the state of the errorsignal during a pre-charge phase. The circuit arrangement of FIG. 25 isoperable to flag an error in operation of the integrated circuit whenthe input data transitions either in the set up time window of the mainflip-flop 3310 or during the clock phase following the sampling edge asshown in FIG. 26. A data transition in either the setup window or thefollowing clock phase is indicative of a late transitioning input.

An alternative to the transition detector of FIG. 25 would be to use adelayed latch, to capture the output of the processing logic at a latertime than performed by the flip-flop 3020. A comparison between thedelayed value and the non-delayed value stored by the flip-flop 3020 canbe used to determine occurrence of an error. This error detection systemwas described in US Application Publication No. US2004-0199821. Thissystem involves detecting a transition by calculating a differentbetween a signal value at a first sampling time and at a second,subsequent sampling time. However, the transition detector 3350 of FIG.25 is arranged to detect any change of state in the signal within apredetermined time window.

FIG. 26 schematically illustrates a functional timing diagram for a datatransition occurring within the set up period of the main flip-flop3310. The set up time of the main flip-flop T_(SETUP) _(—) _(FF) isindicated in the upper most portion of FIG. 26 in relation to the clockedge and it can be seen that the set up time immediately precedes theclock edge. The time for which the clock edge remains positive isindicated by the time period T_(POS). It can be seen that the transitionin the input data occurs in the set up period of the main flip-flop inthis case. However, as a result of the delay elements I₁, I₂ and I₃ ofFIG. 25, through which the input data must pass prior to input to thetransition detector 3350, the transition in the data is shifted to alater time such that it occurs within the time T_(pOS) but outside theperiod T_(SETUP) _(—) _(FF). The data profile DATA_DEL3 corresponds tothe input to the first of the inverters I₄ in the transition detector3350. This data profile is inverted with respect to the input datatransition profile since it has passed through an odd number ofinverters I₁, I₂ and I₃.

FIGS. 27A to 27G schematically illustrate functional timing diagramsrepresenting how the circuit of FIG. 25 acts to detect a data transitionfrom logic state one to logic state zero. The circuit of FIG. 25 detectssuch a transition when the transistors N1, N2 and N5 are all ON. Asshown in FIG. 27A the clock signal goes from low to high at time T_(C1)and returns from a high state to a low state at time T_(C2). FIG. 27Bshows a data transition from high to low at a time T_(D) which is withinthe period of when the clock signal is high. FIG. 27C shows the profileof the signal DATA_DEL3 of FIG. 25 which is the output of the inverterI₃, and controls the transistor N1. This signal goes from low to high ata time T_(I3), which is slightly later than the data transition timeT_(D). FIG. 27D shows the data profile of data signal DATA_DEL4, whichcontrols the transistor input N3. This data signal transitions from highto low at a time later again than T_(I3), that is, at the time T_(I4).FIG. 27E shows the data profile of data signal DATA_DEL5, which isoutput by delay element I₄ and does not supply an input to anytransistors of the transistor array. FIG. 27F shows the profile of thedata signal DATA_DEL6, which controls the N2 transistor input andtransitions from high to low at a time T_(I6) which is later than thetime T_(I4). Finally, FIG. 27G shows the profile of DATA_DEL7, whichcontrols the input to the transistor N4 and which transitions from lowto high at a time T_(I7), which is later again than time T_(I6).Transistor N1 is off before the point in time T_(I3) and on after thattime. Transistor N3 is on prior to the time T_(I4) and off after thattime. Transistor N2 is on prior to the time T_(I6) but is off after thattime and the transistor N4 is off prior to the time T_(I7) and is onafter that time. Accordingly it can be seen that there is a time windowin which both transistors N1 and N2 are simultaneously switched on butthere is no time window in this functional timing diagram in which boththe transistors N3 and N4 are switched on.

In the time window starting at T=0 and finishing at T_(I3) thetransistors N1 and N4 are switched off whereas the transistors N2 and N3are switched on, since both the signal controlling N1 and the signalcontrolling N3 are high within that time window. In the time windowbetween T_(I3) and T_(I4) the transistors N1, N2, and N3 are allswitched on whereas the transistor N4 is switched off. In the timewindow between T_(I4) and T_(I6) the transistors N1 and N2 are bothswitched on whereas the transistors N3 and N4 are both switched off. Inthe time window between T_(I6) and T_(I7) the transistor N1 is the onlytransistor that is switched on and in the time window between T_(I7) andT₂ the transistors N1 and N4 are switched on whereas the transistors N2and N3 are switched off. Accordingly for the duration when the clockpulse is high (when the transistor N5 is switched on) and from the timeT_(I3) to the time T_(I6) the transistors N1, N2 and N5 are all switchedon. This will result in the detection of a transition since a conductionpath is provided from the array of transistors to the latch nodeErr_dyn.

FIGS. 28A to 28G schematically illustrate a functional timing diagramfor the circuit of FIG. 25 for detection of a data transition from logicvalue zero to logic value one. FIG. 28A shows the clock signal, which ispositive for a period from T_(C1) to T_(C2). The data transitions fromzero to one as shown in FIG. 28B after time T_(D2), which is just withinthe positive phase of the clock signal. FIG. 28C shows the profile ofthe data signal DATA_DEL3, which drives the input of transistor N1. Thisdata signal transitions from one to zero at the time T_(DA), which islater than the time T_(D2) by a time corresponding to the evaluationtime of the inverter I₃. FIG. 28D schematically illustrates the profileof the data signal DATA_DEL4 which drives the input of the transistorN3. This signal transitions from low to high at a time T_(I4A), which islater than the time T_(I3A) by a period corresponding to the evaluationtime of inverter I₄. FIG. 28E shows the profile of the data signalDATA_DEL5 corresponding to the output of the inverter I₅. FIG. 28F showsthe data profile of the data signal DATA_DEL6, which drives thetransistor N2 input and this signal transitions from zero to one at thetime T_(I6A), which is later than the time T_(I4A) by a timecorresponding to the evaluation time of inverter I₅ and the evaluationtime of inverter I₆. Finally, FIG. 28G shows the data profile of thedata signal DATA_DEL7, which drives the input of the transistor N4. Thisdata signal transitions from one to zero at the time T_(I7A). The outputof the inverter I₁₀ will transition from high to low only in this caseif transistors N3, N4 and N5 are all on. As can be seen from FIGS. 28Ato 28G there is a time window in which this is the case. In particular,the time window starting at T_(I4A) when the transistor N3 switches onuntil the time T_(I7A) when the transistor N4 switches off. There is notime window in which the transistors N1, N2 and N5 are all switched onin this case. Thus it can be seen that a transition in the data fromzero to one is indicated by the circuit of FIG. 25 when the transistorsN3, N4 and N5 are all high.

FIG. 29A schematically illustrates the functional timing diagram for themain flip-flop 3310 of FIG. 25 whereas FIG. 19B schematicallyillustrates a functional timing diagram for the transition detectorcircuit 3350 of FIG. 25. Together, the functional timing diagrams ofFIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate how the metastability window of thetransition detector is aligned such that it does not overlap with thesetup window of the main flip-flop 3210. It is required that thetransition detector should detect a transition in either the setupwindow of the main flip-flop 3310 or in a time window following therising edge of the clock. Such a transition is indicative of a latesignal, such that the main flip-flop may not be outputting the correctvalue at the specified time. The clock signal illustrated in FIG. 29A isassociated with the main flip-flop and shows a setup window Tsetup_ff,which precedes the rising clock edge. There are two requirements thatdefine this setup window for the main flip-flop. The first requirementis that the correct data values should always be reliably sampled andthe second requirement is that the output timing (i.e. the clock to dataout time) is deterministic and can be characterised. Of theserequirements, typically the output timing requirement is (marginally)more stringent than that of sampling the correct value. Accordingly, thesetup time Tsetup_ff for the main flip-flop can be sub-divided into twotime windows. The first of these time windows is Tlate (see FIG. 29A)and in this time window if a signal transition occurs although thecorrect value is always sampled. The output timing is not within thespecified bounds. The second window within the setup time of the mainflip-flop is labelled in FIG. 29A as Tmstable-ff, which is themetastability window of the main flip-flop. In the window Tmstable-ffthe correct data value cannot be sampled and the time taken for theoutput to resolve to a defined value is likely to be non-deterministic.

Referring back to the main flip-flop as illustrated in the circuitdiagram of FIG. 25, in the main flip-flop 3310 it is possible that whena transition gate TG1 closes, the voltage levels at nodes M1 and M2 oneither side of an invertor situated at the output of the transmissiongate TG1 are such that a tri-state invertor F1 arranged in parallel withthe inverter at the output of the transmission gate TG1 will always feedback the correct value. However, the time taken for the value to passthrough a subsequent transmission gate TG2 and through the nodes S1 andS2, which are on either side of a further inverter subsequent to theoutput of TG2 and the time taken for the value to pass through thesubsequent inverters labelled by Qbar and Q will be longer than the timethat would be taken if M2 was at “full-rail” (either Vdd for logic state1 or GND for logic state 0).

Referring now to FIG. 29B, which is a functional timing diagramassociated with the transition detector 3350 of FIG. 25, the transitiondetector 3350 does not have a setup time to the rising edge of the clockin the same way as the flip-flop 3310 does (and as illustrated in bothFIG. 26 and FIG. 29A). Rather, for the transition detector 3350 there isa time window for which a transition in the data input can be reliablydetected and this time window is referred to as the “sampling window”.In FIG. 29B the sampling window is labelled by Tsample_td. In FIG. 29Athe sampling window Tsample_td has been sub-divided into three distinctsub-windows. The first two sub-windows correspond to the sub-windowsTlate and Tmstable-ff of the main flip-flop as described above. A thirdsub-window Tincorrect, which is adjacent to the window Tmstable_ff formstogether with Tlate and Tmstable_ff the full time window Tsample_td inwhich a transition in the data signal must be detected by the transitiondetector 3350. If the data signal transitions in the sub-window Tlate,then the Q output of the flip-flop 3310 of FIG. 25 will be correct butthe transition will be late. If the data transition occurs in the timewindow Tmstable_ff, then the master latch part of the flip-flop 3310 maybecome metastable thus leading to an incorrect and/or late value beingoutput by the circuit. Finally if the transition occurs in thesub-window Tincorrect then the output will have an incorrect value andthe transmission gate TG1 in FIG. 25 will have completely shut beforethe new signal value arrives. The portion of the cycle subsequent toTincorrect in FIG. 29A and indicated by Tcorrect represents theremainder of the timing cycle during which a transition is notindicative of an error. Note that the operational parameters of thedevice of FIG. 25 are arranged such that an input signal to the mainflip-flop 3310 will never evaluate later than in the Tincorrect window.This arrangement also imposes a constraint on the hold time of the inputto the main flip-flop 3310, such that the earliest input to the mainflip-flop can change is the start of the Tcorrect window.

The transition detector 3350 also has a metastability window, which isindicated as Tmstable_td in FIG. 29B and this time window precedes thetime window Tsample_td. If a transition occurs in the time windowTmstable_td then the Err_dyn mode shown in FIG. 25 may become metastableresulting in the error output becoming unknown (i.e. logic 1, logic 0 orsome intermediate value). However, by designing the circuit such thatTmstable_td occurs within the window Tcorrect as shown, yet does notoverlap with Tlate, Tmstable_ff or Tincorrect, then it is known that ifthe metastability does occur in the transition detector 3350 then the Qoutput of the main flip-flop 3310 both have the correct value and outputtiming. This enables the use of standard synchronising logic to beapplied to the output of logic driven by the error signal. This isillustrated in FIG. 30.

FIG. 30 schematically illustrates error synchronisation of error signalsderived from transition detectors. The arrangement of FIG. 30 comprisesthe OR gate 3040 (corresponding to that illustrated in FIG. 22), a firstflip-flop 3042 and a second flip-flop 3044 to which the output of the ORgate 3040 is supplied in succession. The first flip-flop 3042 isdesigned specifically for fast metastability resolution and has veryhigh gain in the feedback loop, which is the cause of metastability. Astandard flip-flop typically has less gain in the feedback loop than theflip-flop 3042 since there are design tradeoffs between the gain and theother parameters of the flip-flop such as setup time and area. Thesecond flip-flop 3044 is a standard flip-flop. As shown in FIG. 30 thenumber of error signals, error 1, error 2, error 3, . . . error N, whichare derived from individual transition detectors are ORed together toform GlobalError signal. If any one of the individual error signals thatare input to the OR gate 3040 is metastable then this can also result inmetastability or non-deterministic timing of the output GlobalErrorsignal. The GlobalError signal is passed through a standard arrangementfor synchronising a signal to a particular clock domain consisting ofthe two flip-flops 3042 and 3044. The output of the second flip-flop3044 is a synchronised version of the GlobalError signal since it has avoltage level corresponding to a definite logic value and hasdeterministic timing. This signal is labelled GlobalErrorSync in FIG.30.

In the situation where the GlobalError signal is metastable then theGlobalErrorSync signal may be either a logic 0 or a logic 1. TheGlobalErrorSync signal is used by the error recovery logic 3050 of FIG.22 to determine when an error in operation has occurred. Since themetastability window of the transition detector 3350 lies entirelywithin the Tcorrect time window (refer to FIGS. 29A and 29B), in theevent that the transition detector 3350 becomes metastable then theresulting value of the GlobalErrorSync signal will correspond to a“don't care” condition. In the event of a GlobalErrorSync signalindicating the logic value 1 in this case, the error recovery processwill be initiated although this is benign.

FIG. 31 illustrates an integrated circuit 4000 including a processorcore 4002, a data cache 4004, an instruction cache 4006, a memorymanagement unit 4008, a coprocessor 4010, external input/outputcircuitry 4012 and a supply voltage controller 4014. The processor core4002 includes a register file 4016 connected with a multiplier 4018, ashifter 4020, a logical operation unit 4022 and an adder 4024 to formthe main data path within the processor core 4002. An instructiondecoder 4026 is responsive to a program instruction progressing along aninstruction pipeline 4028 to generate control signals for controllingthe data path 4016, 4018, 4020, 4022, 4024.

Program instructions are read from the instruction cache 4006. Datavalues to be processed are read from the data cache 4004. The memorymanagement unit 4008 is responsible for controlling access to anexternal memory and for translating between virtual addresses andphysical addresses using a translation lookaside buffer 4030.

The coprocessor 4010 stores system configuration parameters withinsystem configuration registers 4032. The system configuration values arenot stored elsewhere within the integrated circuit 4000 and accordinglyit is important that their value should not be corrupted or lost ifproper operation is to be maintained.

The supply voltage controller 4014 generates supply voltage that arepassed to various domains (areas) within the integrated circuit toprovide electrical power within those domains. The supply voltagecontroller 4014 also generates a body bias voltage that can be suppliedto different domains. As will be familiar to those in this technicalfield, the voltages supplied to different domains may be varied so as toreduce power consumption. Different domains may also be subject to powergating when not in use, i.e. supplying a different voltage or turningoff the voltage supply completely. Varying the power supply voltageincludes turning off the voltage completely.

With the present techniques the voltage supplied may be reduced toreduce power consumption up to a point at which errors in operationstart to occur. Error detection circuitry and error correction circuitrycan then detect and correct those errors. As previously described, thevoltages may be controlled at a level which produces a finite non-zeroerror rate within domains that are protected with error detection anderror correction circuitry.

Also provided within the processor core 4002 is clock control and gatingcircuitry 4034 which is responsive to a received clock signal togenerate a number of internal clock signals used by different portionsof the processor core 4002 and the integrated circuit 4000 in general.

Some portions of the integrated circuit 4000 may be tolerant to errorsoccurring in their operation, such that these errors can be firstdetected and then corrected. Other portions of the integrated circuit4000 may not be so robust and may not recover properly if an erroroccurs within them. Further portions of the integrated circuit may besuch that errors may be detected and corrected in their operation, butthat the loss in performance associated with detecting and correctingsuch errors is too large to be justified by the performance gainsachieved by operating with parameters (e.g. voltage/frequency) whichgive rise to those errors. Accordingly, in accordance with the abovedescribed techniques, it is possible with some portions of theintegrated circuit to operate with operating parameters that give afinite non-zero error rate and the performance gained using theseoperating parameters more than outweigh the cost in terms of time,energy, etc associated with detecting and repairing those errors.However, this is not true of all portions of the integrated circuit andaccordingly it is desirable to partition an integrated circuit into atleast one portion which can operate with one or more operationalparameters controlled to produce a finite non-zero error rate withinthat portion whereas at least one other portion is formed to operatewith a zero error rate.

As an example, consider the processing pipeline previously describedwith reference to FIG. 1, within this processing pipeline the pluralityof non-delayed latches 4 clocked by a non-delayed clock signal may besubject to errors within their operation. These non-delayed latches 4represent a portion of the integrated circuit configured to operate withone or more operational parameters controlled to produce a finitenon-zero error rate. In contrast, the plurality of delayed latches 8each associated with a non-delayed latch 4 and clocked by a delayedclock signal correspond to another portion of the integrated circuitconfigured to operate with a zero error rate. The delayed latches 8 needto be assured of holding the correct signal values such that if thenon-delayed latch holds erroneous signal values this may be detected andcorrected.

An example of a portion of the integrated circuit 4000 in which a zeroerror rate is desirable either because recovery would not be possible,or recovery would be too expensive in terms of time or energy, includethe external input/output circuitry 4012 which forms communicationcircuitry configured to communicate outside of the integrated circuit4000. Other examples include storage circuitry storing data values usedby the error-repair circuitry, such as the delayed latches 8 previouslydiscussed. Further examples of portions of an integrated circuit inwhich a finite non-zero error rate would be unacceptable include storagecircuitry storing data values not stored elsewhere and accessible to theintegrated circuit, such as for example, the system configurationregisters 4022 within the coprocessor 4010.

The translation lookaside buffer 4030 and the instruction cache 4006 areexamples of portions of the integrated circuit within which it ispossible that if an error is detected, a recovery operation could besuccessfully performed, but where the time taken and energy consumed inrepairing such an error would be too great. For example, if an entrywithin the translation lookaside buffer 4030 became corrupted, then theenergy consumed in performing a page table walk operation to repair thatentry would be disadvantageously high. Similarly, if the instructioncache 4006 became corrupted, then the consequences in terms of time andenergy consumption that would result from a pipeline stall while therequired instruction was re-fetched from the main memory would be toohigh.

The clock control and gating circuitry 1034 is still another example ofcircuitry in which errors are difficult to tolerate. This is because theclock controlling gating circuitry 4034 may provide a clock signal toanother area within the circuitry, such as the external input/outputcircuitry 4012 within which errors may not be tolerated. Accordingly, itis important that the clock signal should be guaranteed to operatecorrectly.

As examples of portions of the integrated circuit 4000 within whicherrors may be tolerated there are included the multiplier 4018, theshifter 4020, the logic operation circuitry 4022 and the adder 4024. Ifan error occurs in the operation of any of these portions of theintegrated circuit 4000, then an error recovery strategy may be toreplay the instruction concerned back through the datapath as the inputoperands will typically still be present within the register file 4016.

The instruction decoder 4026 is another portion of the integratedcircuit 4000 within which it may be possible to tolerate errors. Ifincorrect control signals are generated by the instruction decoder 4026,then these may be detected before they corrupt state within the rest ofthe integrated circuit 1000 and the instruction concerned can bereplayed and decoded again to generate the control signals a secondtime.

The operational parameters that may be varied for the portions of theintegrated circuit within which a finite non-zero error rate may betolerated include the power supply voltage applied to those portions,the clock frequency of the clock signal applied to these portions and abody bias voltage applied to those portions. It is also possible thatthe difference between the portions within which a finite non-zero errorrate may be tolerated and the portions where a zero error rate isrequired may be achieved by configuring the circuits themselves in adifferent manner, e.g. with less demanding timing requirements, withbigger or a greater number of transistors, or in other ways such thattheir form renders them resistant to errors (although this willtypically be at the cost of higher power consumption and sloweroperation).

FIG. 32 illustrates a portion 4036 of an integrated circuit which may beoperated with operating parameters and configured such that a finitenon-zero error rate occurs. This portion will typically be in the formof a block of functional circuitry, such as an instruction decoder 4026,an adder 4024 etc, to which is coupled error detecting circuitry 4038and error correcting circuitry 4040. The processing logic 4042 withinwhich an error may occur is supplied with a variable supply voltage.This supply voltage may be controlled such that a finite non-zero errorrate occurs. The cost in terms of time and energy in repairing theseerrors is, in this case, more than offset by the reduction in energyconsumed by not having to operate with a supply voltage with sufficientmargin to ensure zero errors. The error detecting circuitry 4038 detectswhen an error occurs within the processing logic 4042. This is signaledto the error correcting circuitry 4040 which then corrects that error inoperation. As previously discussed, a variety of different ways in whichan error may be corrected depending upon the nature of the processingcircuitry 4042.

Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been describedin detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is tobe understood that the invention is not limited to those preciseembodiments, and that various changes and modifications can be effectedtherein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope andspirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

1. An integrated circuit for performing data processing, said integratedcircuit comprising: a latch configured to receive and to store a signalvalue; an error detector configured to detect errors in operation ofsaid integrated circuit by detecting a late arriving transition in saidsignal value received by said latch; and error-repair circuitryconfigured to repair errors in operation of said integrated circuit. 2.An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said latchcomprises a non-delayed latch clocked by a non-delayed clock signal andsaid error detector comprises a delayed latch associated with saidnon-delayed latch and clocked by a delayed clock signal.
 3. Anintegrated circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said error detectorcomprises a transition detector configured to detect a transition withinsaid signal value occurring with a predetermined time window.
 4. Anintegrated circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said errors inoperation arise from an operational parameter of said integrated circuitbeing outside a limit permitting error-free operation.
 5. An integratedcircuit as claimed in claim 4, wherein said one or more operationalparameters include one or more of: a power supply voltage; a clockfrequency of a clock signal; and a body bias voltage.
 6. An integratedcircuit for performing data processing, said integrated circuitcomprising: latch means for receiving and for storing a signal value;error detector means for detecting errors in operation of saidintegrated circuit by detecting a late arriving transition in saidsignal value received by said latch means; and error-repair means forrepairing errors in operation of said integrated circuit.
 7. Anintegrated circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said errors detectordetects errors by double-sampling data signal values within saidintegrated circuit, a difference between sampled values being indicativeof an error.
 8. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 7, whereinsaid double-sampling is detecting a signal value at a sampling point atrespective different times. 9-14. (canceled)
 15. An integrated circuitas claimed in claim 1, wherein said integrated circuit is configured tooperate with one or more operational parameters to produce a finitenon-zero error rate within said integrated circuit.
 16. A method ofoperating an integrated circuit for performing data processing, saidmethod comprising the steps of: receiving and storing a signal valuewith a latch; detecting errors in operation of said integrated circuitby detecting a late arriving transition in said signal value received bysaid latch; and repairing errors in operation of said integratedcircuit.
 17. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said latchcomprises a non-delayed latch clocked by a non-delayed clock signal andsaid error detector comprises a delayed latch associated with saidnon-delayed latch and clocked by a delayed clock signal to preventerrors in signal.
 18. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein saiderror detector comprises a transition detector configured to detect atransition within said signal value occurring with a predetermined timewindow.
 19. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said errors inoperation arise from an operational parameter of said integrated circuitbeing outside a limit permitting error-free operation.
 20. A method asclaimed in claim 16, wherein said one or more operational parametersinclude one or more of: a power supply voltage; a clock frequency of aclock signal; and a body bias voltage.